Blood

The concept of "blood" - is extremely broad. There are several hundred (!!!) parameters that can be subjected to the analysis, therefore, writing direction on the blood test, the doctor always said - what specific information he sought. This may be the search for microbial assessment of immunity, determination of hormones and enzymes, the study of physical and chemical properties and much more ...

Each case study gives the doctor some information. Obtaining this information takes time, effort and money. The ideal analysis - is when quickly, cheaply and easily able to obtain answers to complex diagnostic questions. Experience shows that people, things and events are almost never perfect, but the experience of practical medicine finds a pleasant exception. It is a clinical analysis of blood.

What is it - CBC?

The question, seemingly simple, but answering it is not very easy.

First of all, napomnit1 the blood - a special fabric of the human body. The liquid part of blood called plasma. In plasma, there are three kinds of cells - red cells, white cells and platelets. These cells are called blood cells.

Thus, the blood - it's plasma plus corpuscles.

Options corpuscles varied and diverse. White blood cells provide immune protection, platelets - clotting of blood, red blood cells - transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide. All the corpuscles in the blood in very specific amounts. Number of these are caused by person's age and his health. In addition, each individual formed element - this is a complete living cell, is born in the bone marrow and grow. That is, the corpuscles of one species, such as red blood cells may differ in size, degree of maturity and a number of other indicators. It is clear that the ability of bone marrow beget blood cells of a certain quality and in certain quantities are very closely linked to health in general and with the need for specific cells in particular. When blood loss will actively be produced red blood cells, with the loads on the immune system - white blood cells.

The essence of the above information is that

quantitative and qualitative properties of blood cells are extremely informative brand name viagra status indicators for human health. Evaluation of these properties - the main task of the clinical analysis of blood.

Thus, the clinical analysis of blood - this is not one of some indicator, but a set of very specific studies.

A list of these studies is quite concrete, it is approved by medical authorities, and the doctor of any medical facility, writing direction on the CBC, knows exactly what parameters it finds in the blank, delivered to the laboratory.

By the way, on the form. Since the CBC - the most common form of additional laboratory tests, the Ministry of Health has approved the form of an appropriate form, which is filled with laboratory staff and has a strictly defined set of indicators.

Reasonable amateur, of course, possible, but in most cases, the form of clinical blood tentatively looks as shown.
The author is aware that the number of very clever words, submitted on this form, clearly exceeds the limits of reasonable sufficiency in relation to popular literature. But the words of a song you can not throw ... The excuse I note: to explain the meaning of these terms is quite real. Moreover, let me express my confidence that after reading this chapter, CBC will cease to seem so difficult.
A few important points before we start looking at specific elements of clinical blood.

· Concept of "CBC" is a synonym for "common blood". Moreover, the consequence of the last phrase is a common abbreviation OAK2. Main use is for this reduction lies in the fact that the KLA sounds prettier than AS. As an illustration, compare the sentences: "During the week we have twice made the KLA" and "For a week we have twice made as" ...

• In the analysis of blood form a graph of "Norma." I draw your attention to the fact that the norms for adults and children may differ materially. Special form of child clinical blood tests do not exist, and norms, as reflected in the document - it is the adult standards. All this leads to the fact that some mothers prematurely lose consciousness, allegedly found serious deviations in the resulting analysis.

· The main drawback of the analysis of blood - the blood is needed. Quite a bit, but necessary ... That is, the need to damage the skin, it is necessary to make a man (rebenku!) patients. Blood samples taken in two ways - from a vein with a syringe or ukolov finger, using special tubes or thin glass tubes. In the first case is obtained venous blood in the second - the capillary. Theoretically, venous and capillary blood are slightly different from each other, but to reveal this difference in practice is far from always.

· Again, theoretically, performance of clinical blood may vary depending on what time of day blood was taken, and have a relationship with food. Thus, the number of red blood cells is slightly higher after sleep, and the number of white blood cells - after eating. On this basis, it is recommended to take blood in the morning on an empty stomach, but this rule is not strictly necessary, rather rekomendatelnym3.

· Nevertheless, in a situation where for a short time (within one disease) is a few blood tests for comparisons, it is important to strive to ensure that these studies were performed under identical conditions: that the blood in both cases was a venous or capillary, so that both times the child was either well-fed and cheerful, or sleepy and hungry, etc.

· Capillary blood for clinical analysis of blood taken from the pads are usually nameless (IV) finger. Use for this particular form of needle, called scarifiers.
Attention: scarifier should be disposable, individually packaged, sterile.

• There is also more complex devices for taking blood from a fingertip. This so-called lancets - special devices made of plastic, often similar to a pen. Inside - spring, pressed the button - jumped to well-defined depth is very sharp needle. Special sharpening the needle causes the pain is minimal and bleeding is sufficient for a long time so that the child does not torture. The main drawback of lancets is quite obvious - they are many times more expensive than scarifiers.
So, we decided that this CBC. Found some common elements. It remains "very little" - to deal with the principal.

Before us is the result of the analysis - a lot of buzzwords and totally incomprehensible figures. But first a word everyone knows - hemoglobin.

Hemoglobin (Hb) - a special protein, which is inside the red blood cells. The main and unique feature of this protein is that it can be easily connected and easily parted with blood gases: united in the lungs with oxygen, this oxygen is delivered to the tissues, there is loaded with carbon dioxide, carbon dioxide is delivered into the lungs, unloaded, again united with oxygen and etc. The structure of hemoglobin is a special non-protein components - heme, which in turn contains iron. That gem gives hemoglobin, erythrocytes, blood red color.

In determining the amount of hemoglobin are finding out how many grams of hemoglobin contained in one liter of blood. That is, the unit of measurement - grams per liter (g / l).

In adults, there is a clear difference in the amount of hemoglobin between men and women. Children have no such laws, so that the norms for boys and girls alike. At the same time, the principal feature of it is children that the baby hemoglobin and red blood cells very much. Immediately after birth, begins to decay "extra" red blood cells, and this process lasts two to three weeks, causing the development of physiological neonatal jaundice.

Red blood cells - key cells of the blood, in the sense that their blood many times more than all other form elements together. How many total units of red blood cells contained in one liter of blood? This is the main issue. To answer it, a certain, very small, but accurately measure the volume of blood is placed in a special container and count the number of red blood cells using a microscope. Then recalculate the result of the calculation to 1 liter. The resulting number simply monstrous, and contains twelve zeros! In addition to the zeros are present, of course, specific numbers, and these figures are the result of research, because the zeros in all the same.

In essence erythrocytes - a trailers for the transport of hemoglobin. Accordingly, each trailer can be "fit" quite certain amount of cargo. Quantity reflected in the index under the name "the average content of hemoglobin in one erythrocyte. Calculate the number is simple - we must take the amount of hemoglobin per liter and divided by the number of red blood cells in the same liter. And we get the index rate - 30-35 pg. PG - a picogram. At 1 gram - 1012 pg. A similar study of the meaning - the definition of the so-called color indicator.

Color index is calculated by a special formula, which, in addition to the results obtained, recorded and performance standards. In fact, the figures of hemoglobin and red blood cell count can be divided into normal figures. Clearly, if the figures are the norm, so the color index is unity.

Hematocrit (Ht) - a very important and very informative indicator. He characterizes the relationship between plasma volume and the volume of corpuscles. This explanation seems complicated at first glance. Imagine a liter of cherry compote. Fluid - plasma, cherries - forming elements. The number of cherries is different, and this determines the thickness compote. What is the volume occupied by cherries, if you drink fruit compote? That is the amount and will be, say, hematocrit compote. Well, the hematocrit of blood - this is, in fact, the rate of density of blood.

Reticulocytes - a young red blood cells, red blood cells adolescents. They are slightly different from adults, mature red blood cells. The emergence of new red blood cells - a continuous process. It is clear that the presence of reticulocytes - no sign of disease: they are in the blood is always in a very definite quantity, which depends on how high the current body's need for new red blood cells. Because for every one thousand red blood cells account for between five and twelve reticulocytes, normal rate is measured not in percentages but in promille4.

Now we should briefly interrupt our explanations and draw some preliminary conclusions.

All the indicators we have discussed are relevant to the investigation of only one of three types of form elements - to erythrocytes.

With regard to the subject of this book is no singular specificity of these indicators have not. In other words, OCR did not provide any special, a peculiar effect on red blood cells. Decrease in hemoglobin and red blood cell count may be a manifestation of a variety of anemiy5 may occur as a consequence of prolonged and (or) severe illness. Virtually any illness, not just OCR.

But at one point to be addressed. Taking place at ARI fever and shortness of breath are the way to lose body fluids of the child. Consequence - blood clots, which manifests itself primarily increased hematocrit and, of course, increase the amount of hemoglobin and red blood cells - in fact, these figures are calculated per liter of blood, and as soon as blood is thicker so it is understandable that in the same volume and red blood cells, and hemoglobin will be more.

Unfortunately, There is the popular opinion on the fact that the hemoglobin is higher, the more health. Apparently, it is not always so. So if you have a sick child suddenly found "remarkable", the high rate of hemoglobin, red blood cells, hematocrit - is usually not a reason to be proud of what our Vassenka Zdorovenki, but the real reason to run to the kitchen, cooking stewed fruit compote and add-on our active Vassenka drink ...

We can now continue its consideration of the clinical analysis of blood, but as another preliminary results give Viagra enhancing orgasm nevertheless a table of children's standards for those indicators that we have already considered.

Immediately it should be noted that this and all subsequent tables with the standards given by the author with extreme reluctance and only under the pressure of the surrounding community. Mother's heart is so sensitive to any deviation from the norm that such a table every now and are a cause for undue fuss and completely treatment attempts. Treatment is not a child, namely the analysis. I am sincerely hoping for sanity readers of this book on their understanding of the fact that the concept of the norm - rather conventionally. The table reflects the median age, and for hemoglobin, red blood cells and reticulocytes in brackets shows the permissible interval rule.
Next shaped element - platelets.

Plaque - the main cell of blood clotting. The platelet count is calculated in much the same as the number of red blood cells, and of a unit of measurement is similar - units per liter of blood. The boundaries of the normal values vary within broad limits - from 100 ? 109 / L to 400 ? 109 / l. Reducing platelet leads to bleeding, but reducing it should be expressed is very important - is lower than 50 ? 109 / l. Sometimes it is very rare and it is easy to guess, in principle, has no specific relationship to the subject before us cold.

Therefore, we can proceed. And start talking about the main thing. On leukocytes.
White blood cells - blood cells that represent the immune system. Since acute respiratory diseases are the closest contact with the impact on the immune system, the study of qualitative and quantitative characteristics of leukocytes can be very helpful diagnostically. The main thing that you can find out - this is, firstly, to assess the immune status and, secondly, guided by specific changes in the resulting analysis to obtain information about the cause of the disease - about who is actually guilty, and even what the properties of this author has .

Begins the study by counting the total number of leukocytes. Rules and standard techniques, we are already well known: take a small but accurately measure the volume of blood is placed in a special container and count the number of white blood cells using a microscope.

The resulting number is the number of leukocytes per liter of blood. Principled and very, very important feature of the child's body - the number of leukocytes in children on average much more than an adult. This is easily explained by the fact that children are in constant and active process of formation of immunity. It is not surprising that given in standard form blood rule 4-9 ? 109 / l is the real reason for the numerous parental strife, misunderstanding, since the 4 ? 109 / L - it is almost always small, and 10 ? 109 / L - almost always normal.

By the age norms we shall return in the final table, but now acquainted with two common medical terms:

Leukocytosis - increase the level of white blood cells above normal;

Leukopenia (syn. leykotsitopeniya) - reducing the level of leukocytes below normy6.

Leukocytosis occurs in acute infections, especially bacterial infections, in purulent inflammatory processes in oxygen deficiency and a dozen variety of reasons.

Leukopenia vysokoveroyatna in viral infections, serious infections and toxic conditions which are accompanied by bone marrow suppression, and some bacterial infections, radiation sickness, ... again, dozens of variety of reasons.

It is clear that information on the number of cells able to pay attention to the seriousness of the situation, to characterize the state of immunity to a certain clarity to the diagnostic process. But to understand the essence of what is happening, to be sure of the diagnosis - that, in most cases, is not enough.

How so? When they talked of hemoglobin, red blood cells, platelets, was actually one question: how much? How many grams, how many pieces - and all at once becomes clear. Why do things differently with leukocytes?

The answer to this question lies, strictly speaking, the most important information in relation to the global theme "The CBC and OCR.